Medicine, Metaphysics and Morals Essays - 2986 Words

Medicine, Metaphysics and Morals ABSTRACT: Moral decisions concerning what ought to be done always assume metaphysical presuppositions concerning the way the world is. In the field of biomedical ethics, some of the metaphysical presuppositions underlying many current discussions of issues of life and death seem particularly implausible. These include our assumption of the reality of social atomism and our beliefs relating to the possibility of autonomy. Given the implausibility of these two assumptions, many discussions have focused our attention on the wrong issues by reducing questions of alternative social practices to questions of individual preferences. Far from facilitating intelligent solutions to our problems, this merely clouds†¦show more content†¦However, the refusal to state metaphysical presuppositions cannot justify the conclusion that no such presuppositions are involved in a discussion. Indeed the situation of the ethicist with regard to metaphysical presuppositions seems roughly analogous t o the situation of the biologist as regards the concept of teleology. Von Brueck is alleged to have remarked, Teleology is a lady without whom no biologist can live, yet he is ashamed to show himself in public with her. (1) Analogously one might maintain Metaphysics is a person without whom no ethicist can reach conclusions, yet he or she is ashamed to be seen in public with that person. Regretably the ethicist’s reluctance to admit her relationship to metaphysical presuppositions precludes the consideration of the plausibility of the ethicists conclusions. Since these conclusions may have considerable social impact this tendency to operate from hidden assumptions is unfortunate to say the least. In what follows I propose to examine the metaphysical presuppositions to be found in some common arguments in the field of biomedical ethics and to raise the question of just how plausible these assertions may be. Should it appear that their plausibility is open to serious questionin g this might suggest that we may be a bit too hasty in our ready acceptance of some of the more popular conclusions in the field. The presuppositions involved are two in number, the first involving the relationship of theShow MoreRelatedAristotle, The Man Of Thinking1025 Words   |  5 Pagesinstitute was known as the Platonic Academy, he studied there for nearly 20 years. This institute is where it all begin. Aristotle’s father was a physician. This sparked an interest in Aristotle at an early age for science. His interest was not in medicine but other fields of study. There is not much information about the early life of Aristotle. At the age of 18, he traveled to Athens where, as stated earlier, he enrolled in an academy taught by Plato. Plato took him under his wing. Plato was nowRead MoreAristotle s Ideas And Philosophies Of Aristotle Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pageshis theories brought questions to light that are still being considered and debated today. For example, one source contrasts Aristotle’s theories about when life begins to recent research on embryogenesis (Dunstan, 1988). From animal behavior to medicine, ethics and philosophy to theorizing on when life begins, Aristotle left a significant mark on what we call science. The first work examined was written by J.G. Lennox, who is a Professor of History and Philosophy of Science and Director of theRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Moral Virtue1229 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout the centuries to influence even some today’s greatest minds. Their works however could not be any separated, Aristotle is a prominent figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of great thinkers such as Plato and Socrates. He believes that ethics is a process to finding the final end or the highest good. He states that although there are manyRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Metaphysics Of Morals2091 Words   |  9 PagesImmanuel Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals The Greeks classified their philosophy into three fields, namely: †¢ Physics †¢ Ethics †¢ Logic All these three fields tend to interrelate in an attempt to describe nature and the life we live in. Physics is also known as the ‘doctrine of nature’ since it attempts to describe almost all the happenings of life (Wood W. Allen). Physics explains phenomenon such as why does the sun come out during the day, why do we see different colors and so on. It is an attempt toRead MorePlato s The On The Interest Of The Stronger Party Essay1890 Words   |  8 Pages Sorcrates Captain of a ship acts in the interest of the crew Medicine acts in the interest of the body Act in the interest of the weaker party PAPER OUTLINE Intro Overview The good will, results, duty Motive of duty Imperatives Illustrations Plato’s First Challenge (above mob mentality) Formulae Only one categorical imperative Law of nature Plato’s Second Challenge (Better to be good than bad) Yes, we are all moral no matter what, it’s reason (must--- contingent imperative) ObjectionRead MoreJohn Locke s The Second Treatise Of Civil Government977 Words   |  4 PagesMadeline Boche Dr. Thorn Philosophy 1301.040 24 March 2017 John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government In John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government, Locke discusses what the moral state of nature is and rejects the idea of a â€Å"divine right of kings.† John Locke was a product of the best schools in England and had a heavy impact on Western thought through his writings. As a Christ Church graduate, Locke largely discusses in his writings the state of nature, the concept of naturalRead MoreAristotle’S Philosophy. One Of The Greatest Philosophers,1085 Words   |  5 Pagescirculation. Aristotle’s works along with Plato and Socrates laid for groundwork for western philosophy, as we know it (Aristotle, 2015). Aristotle’s Philosophy Aristotle studied and contributed to topics such as metaphysics, logic, mathematics, biology, ethics, politics, and medicine to name a few. In addition, Aristotle concludes in his Nicomachean Ethics that the roll of a great leader is to create an environment where all persons in an organization can realize their own full potential throughRead MoreJohn Lockes Theory of Knowledge Essay1878 Words   |  8 Pagessomething upon which to build an absolute metaphysics. With Locke gnosiological phenomenalism enters its critical phase. By considering sensations merely as subjective presentations, Locke gives us a theory of knowledge of subjective data devoid of any relation with external objects. Hence Locke is the first to give us a logic for Empiricism, that is, for sensations considered as phenomena of knowledge. Such an attitude excludes any consistent metaphysics of objective reality. Locke, however, overlookingRead MoreJohn Locke s Views On Education879 Words   |  4 Pageschildren should be allowed some self-direction in their course of study and should have the ability to pursue their interests. He also favored methods that would help children to understand the difference between right and wrong and to cultivate a moral sense of their own. John Locke was born in 1632 in Wrighton, Somerset. His father was a lawyer and small landowner who had fought on the Parliamentarian side during the English Civil War of the 1640s. Using his wartime connections, he placed his sonRead MoreEssay about Descartes861 Words   |  4 Pageswould ruin Descartes plan to develop a new philosophy of truths. Descartes was looking for a new foundation for the sciences. Aristotle had three different models for the sciences. One was for the science of physics; one was for medicine, and one for morals. The common model was of three trees. The roots represented the principles of the particular science and the tree itself represented the ideas of the particular science. Aristotle believed that all principles and/or knowledge come from

The Cosmological Argument On The Existence Of God

Theories have arisen from many different philosophers trying to explain the existence of God; the Cosmological Argument is one such theory. The Cosmological Argument has been changed and reviewed for years; however, the focus has always stayed the same. The universe is a prime example that there is a God. A simple Cosmological argument states that: Everything that exists has a cause of its existence. The universe exists. Therefore, The universe has a cause of its existence. If the universe has a cause of its existence, then that cause is God. Therefore, God exists (NA, 2008). In my opinion, this argument has very basic and broad statements that may be difficult or impossible to be proven false. â€Å"Everything that exists has a cause of its existence† and â€Å"The universe exists† are two statements that can be difficult to prove incorrect. We know that nothing is made without a reason behind it, and nothing is made without a process leading up to its creation. â€Å"The universe exists† cannot be proven false without some very abstract thinking involved. We know that the universe exists because you and I exist, everything around us exists, and the world on which we live and the universe in which we live exist. We can conclude that â€Å"the universe has a cause of its existence† because we can prove that the universe exists by stating that humans and objects around us exist. In my opinion, we can can also conclude that everything in the universe has a cause as to why it was createdShow MoreRelatedThe Cosmological Argument F or The Existence Of God Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesconcerning the existence of God. If God exists, we probably have to make him accountable. The universe would probably have a meaning and a purpose. Also, our very existence may not be cease after physical death. But if God does not exist, we are probably here by chance and we have no accountability to any transcendent. This life is probably all we have, so we should live as we please. The question arises - Does God exist? At first glance, it seems contradictory to prove the existence of somethingRead MoreThe Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God1416 Words   |  6 PagesThe cosmological argument for the existence of god According to St. John 8:31-32 said, â€Å"If you remain in my word, you will truly be my disciples, and you will know the truth and the truth shall set you free†. This sentence is come from the bible, but I am not a christian, so I do not really understand what this means. I guess it was talking about if people believe in god, and trust his words, and in the end the will get the freedom. For many of christians, they believes in god, but many ofRead MoreThe Cosmological Argument For The Existence Of God1957 Words   |  8 Pagesinsist there is no evidence for the existence of God while maintaining religious faith is fundamentally irrational. This paper will examine the KalÄ m Cosmological Argument (KCA), demonstrating that it offers strong evidence for the existence of God, thereby providing a rational foundation for the Christian faith. Background The cosmological argument is, â€Å"a family of arguments that seek to demonstrate the existence of a Sufficient Reason or First Cause of the existence of the cosmos.† Historians traceRead MoreCosmological Arguments On The Existence Of A God2212 Words   |  9 Pageswhether or not God exists. Now there are various conceptions of God within philosophy, but the most simple and widely accepted definition would likely be a â€Å"metaphysically necessary being.† That will be the definition of God for this paper. Numerous arguments have been put forth for and against the existence of a God, and some can be grouped together according to their type. Examples of these arguments range from teleological arguments to axiological arguments to cosmological arguments (to name a few)Read MoreEssay on The Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God996 Words   |  4 Pages The Cosmological Argument attempts to prove that God exists by showing that there cannot be an infinite number of regressions of causes to things that exist. It states that there must be a final uncaused-cause of all things. This uncaused-cause is asserted to be God. Arguments like this are thought up to recognize why we and the universe exist. The Cosmological Argument takes several forms but is basically represented below. Cosmological Argument ThingsRead More The History of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God1341 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Cosmological Argument were developed by the world renowned philosophers Plato and Aristotle between the years 400 and 200 BC (Boeree). Medieval philosopher Saint Thomas Aquinas expanded upon their ideas in the late 13th Century when he wrote, â€Å"The Five Ways.† Since then the Cosmological Argument has become one of the most widely accepted and criticized arguments for the existence of God. My objective in this paper is to explain why the Cosmological Argument is a reasonable argument for theRead MoreClarke s Cosmological Argument On The Existence Of God1648 Words   |  7 Pages Clarke’s Cosmological argument has been around for multiple centuries—the purpose of this argument being to try to prove the existence of God. Although this argument sounds valid—meaning that â€Å"IF premises 1 and 2 are true, then the conclusion must be true† — while many people have accepted this argument, it has also caused a lot of questioning and skepticism, mainly because of what the Cosmological Argument uses to support its argument—the Principle of Sufficient reason. Before determining whetherRead More The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God804 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God The cosmological argument seeks to prove the existence of God by looking at the universe. It is an A posteriori proof based on experience and the observation of the world not logic so the outcome is probable or possible not definite. The argument is in three forms; motion, causation and being. These are also the first three ways in the five ways presented by Aquinas through which he believed the existence of God couldRead MoreThe Various Forms of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe Various Forms of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God The cosmological argument is a well established argument for the existence of God and it is also known as the first cause argument. The cosmological argument is based upon the belief that there is a first cause behind the existence of universe and this was God. It has taken many forms and in the past has been presented in many ways. So many philosophers have put their points across, philosophers like; Read MoreThe Key Ideas of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Key Ideas of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God A) The cosmological argument is to prove the existence of god. In this type of argument we are looking at cause and not design. This type of argument is an aposteriori argument because it is based upon experience. Thomas Aquinas puts the key ideas into 3 ways. First way is, motion/change. Nothing can move by itself or change itself. The first thing to have moved must have been moved by something else and

Auditors Fees and Auditors Independence †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Auditors Fees and Auditors Independence. Answer: Introduction: The drafters of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act documented that individuality is the bedrock upon which audit excellence is built. The Act recognised the PCAOB "to guard the welfares of stockholders and additionally the public interest in the groundwork of educational, accurate, and self-governing review reports," and it comprised several reforms intended to improve auditor individuality.Audior indolence is characterised by integrity and an impartial method to the review process. The idea requires the examiner to transmit out his or her work spontaneously and in an impartial method. Over the centuries, many replacements is taken in to consideration to further reinforce auditor individuality. For example, protruding persons such as Paul Volcker and the Commissioner of Europe for Internal Market and Service, have recommended at various times thought of "audit-only" firms. The client pay the auditors good amount and sometimes the independence is at the stake . And, as a usual and unavoidable con sequence of that audit arrangement, auditors very well know that if they force the management or the company too hard, they risk trailing the fee and they have this thing that they will lose the current audit as well as future audits . In crux, they risk losing an income for further years (Dogui, 2017) For example, SOX 2002 were being unsuccessful to make it calmer to take legal action against auditors and to eliminate battles of interests that compromise audit individuality and freedom. Reiter and Williams (2004) explain the way the bookkeeping profession presented its notion of independence, by describing accountants as specialists. They write: The occupation seeks to persuade their community that examiners are self-governing in fact, even however they may not be quite self-governing in appearance. Individuality or Freedom in fact mentions to the true state of independence of the examiner. The bookkeeping professions aptitude to differentiate independence in fact from in presence has allowed it to protect its idea of individuality the mind state even after the conflicts of interests are there that cast contingency about the likelihood of bookkeepers maintaining such individuality (Williams, 2017) According to Reiter and Williams (2004), having recognized the evidence that it is the independence in fact that auditors maintain, and this is a state of observance that can be preserved by its members, the bookkeeping profession has sustained to rely on positive ideals leading in society from time to zone off disapprovals against its right about freedom. ASA 200 General Purposes of the Self-governing Auditor and the Behaviour of an Audit in Agreement with Standards of Auditing in Australia. This Assessing Standard establishes necessities and delivers request and other descriptive substantial concerning the self-governing auditors complete tasks when he would be directing an overview or audit of a commercial report with respect to and following all rules with Australian Auditing Standards. This Stanadard says that: (a) deliver the general purposes of the auditor; (b) clarifies the nature and possibility of an audit intended to support the examiner in summit those purposes (Australian standard, 2017) For example, In a case study it has been argued that auditors, along with other doorkeepers such as asset analysts, who are unsuccessful to raise alarms about monetary mis management that was a part to the failure of recent business hulks mainly as inducements to support business organization far overshadowed those obtainable for going against them (standard, 2017) It is seen that if auditors are insentiently prejudiced towards interests of the client and keep them benefitted, then there will be no fair and true judgements and the statements also will not show any true and fair view. The auditors will automatically balance the benefits of various other parties exaggerated by their rulings. Though this seems to follow that solutions must come via firming the auditor individuality and refining auditors moral obligation to their duties, it can be contended that neither of these can capture the glitches of monetory reports caricatures fully. If the auditor is paid by the client he needs to maintain independence and not be biased. He should give reports according to the financials and not on the basis of the fees. An auditor should maintain his independency and provide reasonable assurance that the financials are showing true and fair view This is due to business organization is in a position to portray the story it wants to in monetary statements a nd the same hand wants to comply with the provisions of GAAP. When careful in the bright of the control difference that happens between business organization and auditors it can be said that the spreading GAAP denotes a problem that cant be detained exclusively by firming auditor freedom. ASA 200 establishes overall responsibilities of the Auditor and the deportment of the audit accordingly with the Auditing standards. It establishes the self-governing auditors overall errands when directing the audit of the financial declarations in accordance with the rules. The final goal of the Constitutional Audit is to deliver an audit opinion , that is whether it can be a clear qualified or adverse opinion. The auditor can prove that he can prompt such an view is by expressing that he performs the review process in an impartial way. To attain this he should contract with justice, knowledgeable uprightness, trustworthiness (which suggests reasonable commerce and honesty) and without any battle of attention which might hamper his liberation.. Secondly, one must appraise their meaning so as to control the amount of risk and threat the auditor has to compromise . The more clearly a Constitutional Auditor is able to recognize the nature of the intimidations, the more evidently he ca n give justice to the level of risk to his individuality that is created. Depending on overall nature the following types of threats to freedom have been documented (Dogui, 2017). There is a self appraisal threat which tells to the trouble of upholding impartiality in leading self appraisal events. The main aim of this is to discover the belongings of audit fees on the individuality of ISO 14001 auditors. ASA 200 General Purposes of the Self-governing Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in Agreement with Australian Auditing Standards. This Auditing Standard establishes necessities and delivers request and other descriptive substantial concerning the self-governing auditors overall tasks when he would be conducting an overview or audit of a financial report with respect to and following all rules with Australian Auditing Standards. This Auditing Standard: (a) deliver the overall purposes of the auditor; (b) clarifies the nature and possibility of an audit intended to support the examiner or ate auditor in summit those purposes; ASQC 1 plans the errands of the company for founding strategies and events planned to deliver it with sensible pledge that the company and its workers obey with appropriate moral wants, which includes those relating to liberation.11 ASA 220 sets out the appointment partners tasks with respect to applicable moral supplies. It is the duty of the auditor to obey with relevant ethical necessities, including those relating to individuality, related to any engagement. If the auditor is paid by the client he needs to maintain independence and not be biased. He should give reports according to the financials and not on the basis of the fees. An auditor should maintain his independency and provide reasonable assurance that the financials are showing true and fair view. He should not get influenced by other parties. In addition to technical capability, auditor individuality is the most significant factor in establishing the reliability of the audit view. Auditor individuality and freedom is usually referred to as the keystone of theauditingoccupation since it is the substance of the communitys trust in theaccountingoccupation (Australian standard , 2017). References Australian standard (2017) Overall objectives of an auditor Management [online] Available at: https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/ASA_200_27-10-09.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017] Drogue , K (2017).Auditors fees and auditors independence [online] Available at: https://corpus.ulaval.ca/jspui/bitstream/20.500.11794/13661/1/Audit%20fees%20and%20auditor%20independence-%20The%20case%20of%20ISO%2014001%20certification.pdf/ [Accessed 9th April) Australian standard (2017) Overall objectives of an auditor [online] Available at: https://pcaobus.org/News/Speech/Pages/08162011_HarrisStatement.aspx [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Williams, P (2017) The philosophy [online] Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-ethics-quarterly/article/philosophy-and-rhetoric-of-auditor-independence-concepts/FCD7A250204B150EA0540684ED13A1E6 [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Liyanarachchi, G(2017) Overall objectives of an auditor [online] Available at: https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/1598/03_03_06%20Gregory%20Liyanarachchi.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017] Dogui , K (2017).Auditors fees and auditors independence [online] Available at: https://corpus.ulaval.ca/jspui/bitstream/20.500.11794/13661/1/Audit%20fees%20and%20auditor%20independence-%20The%20case%20of%20ISO%2014001%20certification.pdf/ [Accessed 9th april)

North American Free Trade Agreement Essays - International Relations

North American Free Trade Agreement In December of 1992, President Salinas of the Government of the United Mexican States, President Bush of the Government of the United States of America, and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of the Government of Canada signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); however, it was not ratified and fully effective until 1 January 1994. NAFTA, which established a free trade area among the aforementioned nations, consistent with the previously instituted General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), eliminates tariffs on goods produced by the signatory nations by 2005, removes most barriers to cross-border investment and to the movement of goods and services, and improves intellectual property protection. The specific objectives contained in NAFTA are as follows: a) eliminate barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross border movement of goods and services between the territories of the Parties; b) promote conditions of fair competition in the free trade area; c) increase substantially investment opportunities in their territories; d) provide adequate and effective protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in each Party's territory; e) create effective procedures for the implementation and application of this Agreement, and for its joint administration and the resolution of disputes; and f) establish a framework for further trilateral, regional, and multilateral cooperation to expand and enhance the benefits of this Agreement. Proponents of NAFTA claim that the accord will increase trade throughout the Americas, moderate product prices, and create new jobs in all three countries. Critics claim just as adamantly that the proposed accord will degrade blue-collar employment wages and environmental standards throughout North America. Moreover, they claim that jobs will move to Mexico due in part to the wide disparity in labor market regulations and wages existing between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. In addition to worker displacement, the prospect of environmental problems stemming from Mexico's lax enforcement of environmental standards has led critics to disagree with the institution of the NAFTA. The NAFTA agenda is divided into six areas: market access (tariffs and nontariff barriers, rules of origin, government procurement, automobiles, and other industrial sectors); regulations (safeguards, subsidies, trade remedies, and standards); services (principles of services, financial services, insurance, land transportation, telecommunications, and other services); investment; intellectual property; and dispute settlement. A major issue addressed in NAFTA negotiations is whether capital should move between the neighboring countries, and how and under what conditions such increased trade and investment should take place. NAFTA was initiated to promote a climate of fair marketing, improve investment opportunities, protect industrial and intellectual property rights, as well as establish procedures for the resolution of disputes. However, NAFTA has introduced increased bureaucracy in each country and more regulations and rules for businesses to contend with. The move toward NAFTA by the United States Government can be attributed as a response to the decline in U.S. productivity growth. Since the 1970s, output per worker has slowed in its growth rate dramatically. Due to this decline, the United States had to look for ways to either stimulate growth in the service sector or rely on international trade to further American progress and growth. Prior to NAFTA's enactment, conducting business and investing in Mexico was a difficult process. Investors needed the Mexican Government's approval and were also required to meet specific investment guidelines. These requirements forced investors to export a set level of goods and services, utilize domestic goods and services, and transfer technology to competitors. Under NAFTA, investors and business professionals no longer need government approval to invest and are treated as domestic investors. NAFTA has increased intellectual property rights and allowed companies to obtain patents in Mexico and Canada. In the past, companies were hesitant to export research and development intensive goods because of the need of increased intellectual property protection; however, exports of these goods has shown a definite increase. As a result of better trading conditions, exports and imports of most other goods have increased along with sensitive research and development goods. Another related trade agreement conveying the benefits of international trade is the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). It was created in 1947, and like NAFTA, GATT promotes international trade through the reduction of tariffs. Today, GATT encompasses over one hundred countries and 90% of the world's trade goods. There have been eight

Productivity through OntheJob Training Essays -

Productivity through On?the?Job Training Introduction Today's dynamic world and globalization brought constant changes for organizations to perform their activities. These continued needs for individual and organizational development can be traced to numerous demands, competitiveness, increased productivity and employees' development. The first thing that comes in the minds of the management is productivity. That's why management of any firm is so focused to improving their employees' productivity. Training is one of the most pervasive methods for enhancing the productivity of individuals, employees' skills, knowledge and ability to do more complex tasks or complete tasks better and faster and communicating organizational goals to new personnel. The focus of this essay is on on-the-job Training (OJT) of employees. Effects of OJT OJT has its effects on employees' performance, productivity in terms of units produced, decreased breakdown, increases in sales and career advancement. The steps for conducting OJT programs are needs assessment, planning, developing, execution and evaluation. The management perceives productivity as operational efficiency, low stress level of workers during job, product quality, maintenance reduction of machines. The huge investment by employers in new work processes, technologies require error-free output. The need is satisfied by OJT, which is used to train both novice and experienced employees in organizations. During the training, the trainees are able to learn new and important things, which they were not using as before. OJT can be defined as the enhancement of job competence acquisition, involving the following elements: (I) the actual work processes, (ii) the physical work environment, and (iii) the social work environment. Structured OJT is defined as ?planned OJT that occurs on the job and in real time?. It is based on a job breakdown and on effective principles of instruction. OJT provides trainees both general skills which are transferable from one job to another and specific skills as well that are unique to a particular job these skills are non-transferable. Conducting OJT There is a growing interest in structured OJT because others have major drawbacks. It provides a third route for the development of employees and towards their competence. There are four phases of structured OJT program (i) import phase; in this phase new employees are trained by way of unstructured OJT. (ii) development phase; a handbook is written in this phase how tasks will be performed in the training program. Handbooks are written by operating staff and training manager. (iii) execution phase; trainees undertake a theoretical explanation of the training program for two to three days and are told on site how to perform the specified tasks.(iv) Export phase; it is compulsory for employees at Indian Oil to get OJT before operating at their jobs. When on the job training is needed? OJT program is appropriate under these conditions; (i) when employee is new to the post, domestic office or the job; (ii) employee lacks knowledge essential for job; (iii) job functions have changed, or are about to change; (iv) other obstacles in the work place e.g. lack of tools, equipment. The next part is Planning OJT Program: During planning trainer or supervisor identifies the employees who need training. They (trainer and trainees) establish timeframes for implementing OJT program. They set goals for learning outcomes and instructional objectives. In other words they develop strategies for OJT program. Generally these strategies include selection criteria of employees for training, period of training, number of employees and frequency of training, etc. Evaluation The outcomes of the training program seeks to depict how effective was the training. Evaluation helps trainer to seek if any employee needs further training to perform his/her job. A four level model to evaluate effectiveness of training are; (i) Reactions: represent what trainees feel about training, whether they like it; (ii) Learning: what trainees have learnt from the training; (iii) Behavioral: how they are performing in actual after training; (iv) results: in the form of productivity, organizational goals and objectives. Analysis OJT increases productivity through: operational efficiency, low worker's stress, product quality, maintenance reduction and career growth. Workers in the production department must know how to operate the machines in routine and unusual production cases. Newly hired workers hesitation and pressure, due to the fact that they don't know how to operate it is pacified by OJT. OJT is an occasion for employees to improve their professional skills leading

universality essays

universality essays One good thing about music, when it hits you feels no pain... These are the famous words of the late Bob Marley. Bob Marley is considered as the great father of reggae music. A revolutionary, a prophet, and a humble mystic, Bobs music reached international heights and brought Jamaican music to the forefront. A true legend of his own, his music spoke of universal truths. His music has transcended race, gender and age, while continues to leave its footprints in this world and in me. Music has always been my savior. In good times and in bad times music has made my soul quiver and my heart beat. Music makes me want to move, makes my heart beat with rhythm and quenches my soul. I can close my eyes and listen to music and my spirit is lifted away. My problems that were a moment ago weighing on me become light and trivial. Music is my meditation. It is my way of going to another place; a place where I feel good and my mind feels lucid. Music is where my spirit feels alive. My passion for music began at a young age. I was raised in a musical environment surrounded by people whose passions were the love for music and its ability to bring people together in unity. My father is a musician and my mother has always loved dancing. They raised me with their passions. At a young age, I was made aware of the beauty of music and its power over people. Experiences resonates more than concepts do. In witnessing the effect of music on people, I myself became ingrained with a love and passion for music. Great music had the ability to remove us from our bindings of ethnicity, gender, age and religious beliefs. Great music transcends all that lies on the surface of who we are. We are no longer our name, our country, our religion or our age; we are simply people searching for the same quenching of the soul. Music is a way for people to express the voice inside them. Music communicates what we all fe ...

The Entertainment Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Entertainment Industry - Essay Example The art cinema motivates its narratives through being real and authoritative. It shows us the real location of events as well as the real issues that we face daily. In order to change the main character of the movies, it is good to choose a character that has specific goals, well stated and is object oriented. The art of cinema is not concerned with the actions of the characters; instead, they are concerned with the reaction that they will get from people who watch the film. A better way of restructuring the art cinema would be putting emphasis on actors. This makes them feel that the welfare and role they are doing is important not only to the viewers but also to the producers, therefore, ensuring a good working relationship in the production of a movie. In ending some of the stories stated, it would be possible to change them as follows; In the art film â€Å"L’ Avventura† where character by the name Anna is lost and not found, it would be more appropriate to change t he plot and end it in a way that maybe the body is found dead in unknown place or maybe show her happily living with an unknown person. This makes the viewer know what happened to her in the end. In â€Å"a bout de soufflà ©Ã¢â‚¬  was the reason for Patricia’s betrayal of Michel remains unknown, the plot could change in a manner that she writes and leaves a note explaining why she betrayed him. Such changes will make the viewer contended after watching the film since they are fully aware of what happened rather than leaving them in suspense.